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Where Were the Seven Miles Measured From?
There is very little room for disagreement about the point from which the seven miles of the Hebdomon were measured. The historical evidence allows...
The Visit of Pope Constantine in 708
One final and very strong proof of the position of the Hebdomon comes from the visit of Pope Constantine to Constantinople in the year...
The Hebdomon and Its Position by the Sea
There can be no serious doubt that the Hebdomon was situated on the shore of the Sea of Marmora. Several independent historical accounts clearly...
The Identification of the Kontoscalion Harbour
The Kontoscalion Harbour has been a subject of historical discussion, but there is little doubt about its correct identification. Several pieces of evidence support...
Towers and Harbours of Constantinople
Constantinople’s harbours were not only centers of trade and naval activity but were also surrounded by important towers and landmarks. These structures served practical...
The Strategic Harbour of Kontoscalion
The Harbour of Kontoscalion was one of Constantinople’s most important naval harbours. Its location and design made it ideal for both defense and commerce,...
Valleys Between the Bosporus and the Golden Horn
Between Beşiktaş and Tophane, the coastline of the Bosporus is crossed by four natural valleys that run inland toward the ridge separating the Bosporus...
Transport of the Ottoman Ships Over the Hills
One of the most remarkable events of the siege of Constantinople in 1453 was the decision of Sultan Mehmed II to carry his ships...
Basilike Pyle in Byzantine Historical Sources
The Basilike Pyle, or Imperial Gate, appears many times in Byzantine historical records. These references cover more than a century and show that the...
Agriculture in Greece
Nearly all the land suitable for farming in Greece is under cultivation. However, the methods used are very primitive, and the soil does not...














